CentOS 7 vs Ubuntu 22.04 命令对照表运维日常操作命令对比从 CentOS 7 迁移到 Ubuntu 快速上手用。包管理操作CentOS 7 (yum)Ubuntu 22.04 (apt)更新软件源缓存yum makecacheapt update安装软件包yum install -y nginxapt install -y nginx卸载软件包yum remove nginxapt remove nginx卸载并删配置yum erase nginxapt purge nginx更新所有包yum updateapt upgrade更新指定包yum update nginxapt install --only-upgrade nginx搜索软件包yum search nginxapt search nginx查看包信息yum info nginxapt show nginx列出已安装包yum list installedapt list --installed清理缓存yum clean allapt clean自动移除无用依赖yum autoremoveapt autoremove本地 RPM 安装rpm -ivh pkg.rpmdpkg -i pkg.deb查看文件属于哪个包rpm -qf /usr/bin/nginxdpkg -S /usr/bin/nginx查看包安装的文件rpm -ql nginxdpkg -L nginx服务管理systemd两边都是 systemd命令基本一样操作CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04启动服务systemctl start nginxsystemctl start nginx停止服务systemctl stop nginxsystemctl stop nginx重启服务systemctl restart nginxsystemctl restart nginx查看状态systemctl status nginxsystemctl status nginx开机自启systemctl enable nginxsystemctl enable nginx取消自启systemctl disable nginxsystemctl disable nginx查看所有服务systemctl list-units --typeservice同左查看日志journalctl -u nginx -f同左唯一区别服务名偶尔不同比如CentOS:sshd→ Ubuntu:sshCentOS:network.service→ Ubuntu:networking.service一般用 NetworkManager防火墙操作CentOS 7 (firewalld)Ubuntu 22.04 (ufw)查看状态firewall-cmd --stateufw status开放端口firewall-cmd --add-port80/tcp --permanentufw allow 80/tcp关闭端口firewall-cmd --remove-port80/tcp --permanentufw deny 80/tcp允许某 IPfirewall-cmd --add-source10.0.0.1 --permanentufw allow from 10.0.0.1删除规则firewall-cmd --remove-rule...ufw delete allow 80/tcp重载规则firewall-cmd --reloadufw reload启用防火墙systemctl start firewalldufw enable关闭防火墙systemctl stop firewalldufw disable列出所有规则firewall-cmd --list-allufw status verbose注意Ubuntu 服务器一般默认未启用 ufwK8s 部署时通常直接关掉或用 iptables/nftables。CentOS 7 默认开启 firewalld。网络配置操作CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04查看 IPip addr或ifconfigip addrifconfig 需装 net-tools网卡配置文件/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0/etc/netplan/*.yaml应用网络配置systemctl restart networknetplan apply配置 DNS/etc/resolv.conf或ifcfg-*/etc/netplan/*.yaml或systemd-resolved查看路由ip routeip route查看端口监听ss -tlnp或netstat -tlnpss -tlnpnetstat 需装 net-toolsUbuntu Netplan 配置示例# /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yamlnetwork:version:2ethernets:eth0:dhcp4:falseaddresses:-10.0.0.11/24routes:-to:defaultvia:10.0.0.1nameservers:addresses:-8.8.8.8-114.114.114.114# 应用sudonetplan apply用户和权限操作CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04添加用户useradd -m testadduser test交互式更友好设置密码passwd testpasswd test删除用户userdel -r testdeluser --remove-home test添加到组usermod -aG wheel testusermod -aG sudo testsudo 权限加入wheel组加入sudo组切换用户su - rootsudo -i或su - root默认 root可直接su -root 默认锁定用sudo重要区别Ubuntu 默认不允许 root 直接登录所有管理员操作用sudo。CentOS 7 默认 root 可用。文件和目录操作CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04基本操作cp / mv / rm / mkdir / chmod / chown完全一样查找文件find / -name *.conf同左搜索内容grep -r keyword /etc/同左查看磁盘df -h同左查看内存free -h同左查看进程ps aux/top/htop同左文件路径差异用途CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04网卡配置/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts//etc/netplan/SSH 配置/etc/ssh/sshd_config同左系统日志/var/log/messages/var/log/syslog安全日志/var/log/secure/var/log/auth.log定时任务/var/spool/cron/root/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root环境变量/etc/profile.d/*.sh/etc/environment或/etc/profile.d/软件源配置CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04源配置目录/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo/etc/apt/sources.list和/etc/apt/sources.list.d/源格式INI 样式deb http://...行格式添加第三方源yum-config-manager --add-repo URLadd-apt-repository ppa:xxx或手动写 listGPG 密钥导入rpm --import URLapt-key add已废弃或/etc/apt/keyrings/Ubuntu 添加源的正确姿势新方式# 下载密钥到独立文件curl-fsSLhttps://example.com/key.gpg|sudogpg--dearmor-o/etc/apt/keyrings/example.gpg# 写源带 signed-byechodeb [signed-by/etc/apt/keyrings/example.gpg] https://example.com/apt stable main|\sudotee/etc/apt/sources.list.d/example.listsudoaptupdateSELinux / AppArmorCentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04强制访问控制SELinuxAppArmor查看状态getenforceaa-status临时关闭setenforce 0aa-complain /etc/apparmor.d/*永久关闭编辑/etc/selinux/configsystemctl disable apparmor配置文件/etc/selinux//etc/apparmor.d/K8s 部署时Ubuntu 一般不需要额外处理 AppArmorCalico 等组件会自动适配。常用工具安装工具CentOS 7Ubuntu 22.04编辑器yum install vimapt install vim默认有 vi网络工具yum install net-toolsapt install net-tools下载yum install wget curlapt install wget curl装不上 ifconfigyum install net-toolsapt install net-tools装不上 lsofyum install lsofapt install lsof压缩解压yum install unzip tarapt install unzip tartar 默认有一句话总结90% 的命令一模一样区别就三件事包管理yum→apt网卡配置换netplansudo 替代 root 直登。文档版本2026-07-06
